All about me

The primary thing that struck a chord was the straightforward reality I was going to fall. I needed to pose a few inquiries before even totally understanding the prerequisites. We needed to assess what our identity was, the reason we were here, and how Mr.. Wentworth could be of administration to us. I worked for a long time creating this article; including many unfinished versions and poorly conceived notions. The initial segment of the brief was by a wide margin the hardest, it took the most reasoning. Preprinting comprised mostly of lounging around attempting to make sense of who I really pondered 3 unfinished copies before settling on how I was going to introduce myself. After at last preferring one draft, I did various measures of altering. The altering procedure was hard for me since I would not like to wreck my absolute first article and establish a terrible first connection. Modifying the exposition was a lot less difficult with assistance from peers. The advantages of utiliz ing a designed creative cycle are at last what lead to my higher evaluation. This procedure assists with arranging, alter, and compose easily during troublesome assignments.To better sort out I composed numerous drafts and billeted rundown of significant plans to incorporate, which assisted with being certain I incorporated every essential point. Altering was made simpler by my companions who read over the exposition and gave me input from alternate points of view to improve the stream ND structure of the article. What's more, in conclusion, the simplicity of composing the last draft originated from this portrayed procedure utilized. Without this procedure, I would've aggravated a much evaluation and been progressively worried over attempting to get it done.Who right? The brief of this paper was to compose a statement of autonomy from your folks, much like the Declaration of Independence composed by our establishing fathers. We were told to utilize increasingly Latin based words jus t as the entirety of the logical gadgets we concentrated in class. The objective of this task was to pick up autonomy room our parental units and was an opportunity to clarify our needs and needs in an expert way.We then needed to peruse this article to our folks with the end goal for them to review how well we did. Utilizing a conventional procedure to compose this exposition made it a lot simpler to express what is on our mind instead of Just composition without structure. Another procedure utilized also was considering the configuration utilized by the establishing fathers of our nation. Nonetheless, the conventional creative cycle caused from multiple points of view to get the evaluation I wanted. Preprinting, the most significant, helped me to make sense of what I needed to state and precisely how I would state it.

Positive Risk Taking Essay

Clarify manners by which hazard is a necessary piece of regular daily existence, Hazard for the vast majority is an acknowledged piece of regular day to day existence for example getting a transport or strolling to the shop etc†¦ will convey some component of hazard. Hazard is related with our wellbeing, wellbeing, security, prosperity, work, instruction, day by day exercises, utilizing assets and hardware and network cooperation. A few grown-ups, for example, the individuals who are crippled or who are more seasoned are generally disheartened from facing challenges with their planning, arranging, business and their every day living aptitudes as a rule since individuals dread for their confinements or that they may hurt themselves or others. Everybody has the privilege to face challenges and settle on choices about their own lives, an equalization ought to be found between administration clients interest in regular exercises and the carers obligation of care. Social consideration and wellbeing arrangements are urging inhabitants to build their freedom by bei ng associated with the more extensive society, for example, relaxation and work. It ought to be noticed that it is difficult to dispense with hazard totally, anyway limiting and being set up for chance by protection activity. Supporting individuals to live autonomously by remove a portion of their lives implies tolerating that there are dangers that cant be maintained a strategic distance from however can be set up for. Clarify why people may have been debilitated or kept from facing challenges, see more:explain manners by which hazard is a vital piece of regular daily existence For certain administrations, ways to deal with hazard have been an issue since they have been worried about maintaining a strategic distance from possibly hurtful circumstances for the administration client and staff. Individuals need to face challenge to accomplish things on their own legitimacy, yet there are individuals who should bolster them however will debilitate them from facing challenges on account of apparent view of the people constraints. Hazard taking can have benefits for the person as it will empower them to do things a great many people underestimate. Hazard is advantageous, adjusting levels or assurance and protecting degrees of decision and control. An equalization should be accomplished between the desires of the individual and the law obligation of care. Depicted the connections between chance taking and obligations, strengthening and social consideration, Customized care is an ideal for everybody, anyway a few people will require more help than others in assisting with settling on decisions of their own lives. Viable personalisation of care comes the need to oversee hazard for individuals to settle on choices as securely as humanly conceivable. Making dangers understood and comprehended is significant to engaging occupants and the carers, hazard the executives doesn't take out dangers. overseeing danger to augment people groups decision and control of their own lives. On the off chance that the results are a piece of the help plan and the sum total of what dangers have been examined and comprehended, this will prompt genuine decision and control and will offer a superior personal satisfaction for the person. Positive hazard taking will assist the inhabitant with gaining self-assurance, grow new abilities information and ideally permit them take a functioning part inside their locale so they don’t feel included. Clarify the way toward building up a constructive individual focused way to deal with chance appraisal, The individual fixated approach will concentrate on the people rights to pick their own way of life, regardless of whether that incorporates settling on awful choices. An individual focused methodology is tied in with helping individuals and those included, think in a positive method to accomplish the progressions they need while keeping hazard under control. Hazard the executives is tied in with finding the parity been certain hazard taking dependent on self-rule and autonomy and a strategy of assurance for the individual and the network dependent on lessening hurt. Its been expressed that for a constructive individual focused way to deal with a hazard evaluation should comprise of the accompanying, inclusion of the administration client and family members in the hazard appraisal, positive and educated hazard taking, proportionality, contextualizing conduct, solid dynamic, a learning society and decent dangers. Disclose how to apply the standards and technique for an individual focused way to deal with every one of the various phases of the procedure of hazard appraisal, Working in a customized manner and building up a constructive individual focused methodology intends to realize that dangers can't be kept away from yet anyway can be set up for. Sensible hazard is tied in with adjusting engaging individuals who need assistance to settle on their own choices, when they have all the data, that is customized to their requirements so they settle on their best choices. Contribution of administration clients and family members in chance appraisal, to include the occupant, closest and dearest is one of the most significant pieces of the individual focused methodology. The individuals associated with the inhabitant will help assemble data in surrounding of what the hazard really is, in deduction, creating thoughts and arrangements, by assessing the arrangements, in choices making around the hazard, in actualizing the activities and by the discovering that happens during these activities. Staff must make note of the inhabitants and others needs, their perspectives on their possesses hazard and what obligations every individual has in dealing with their own hazard successfully. The individual Centered Approach will meet this by requesting an away from of what the individual is needing to accomplish, why it is significant, what the result would resemble, a past filled with the hazard, the dynamic understanding devices to take a gander at staff jobs and o bligations and who will be liable for the various choices identifying with the hazard. Constructive and educated hazard raking, This specific procedure is conformed to the constructive perspective on the individual. This procedure depends on finding inventive arrangements instead of trying to say no. Educated and constructive hazard taking is about personal satisfaction being lived to the full while individuals in the network are remained careful, by meeting what is critical to them, how they would guard themselves as well as other people. Recall that positive and educated hazard taking needs to address what the law says and permits for example enactment inside The Human Rights Act. Proportionality, The administration of hazard must match the potential mischief that could be caused. Utilizing an individual focused methodology implies adaptability. The more genuine the undertaking the additional time you would think about it in more prominent detail. Focused methodology takes a gander at the results of not carrying out the responsibility that could have potential dangers for the inhabitant, relative etc†¦ and having the option to adjust against the outcomes that could occur of facing the challenge. Contextualizing Behavior, inquires as to for what reason did the individual acted with a particular goal in mind? right now? in this circumstance? Some portion of this procedure includes getting data in regards to past data about the individual, including the historical backdrop of the inhabitant of the hazard they are needing to attempt from their own point of view, chronicled information from an assortment of sources to see what has worked specifically circumstances, and correspondence outlines will help with a people words and practices, looking for their significance and what the best reaction ought to be. This will assist with getting a comprehension of the people conduct in various setting, yet in addition to manufacture an image of what has been found out about how to best help the occupant. Faultless Decision making, Following the individual focused methodology creates an away from of put down and recorded accounts of what has been talked about, the alternate points of view, the issues and arrangements that have been thought of, close by any lawful issues, for example, the Human rights act or that of the emotional well-being act that could impact the hazard choice. All administrative work produced during the procedure gives a reasonable method of reasoning to the choices that will rise during the procedures that have been taken, and why different choices have been declined. The reason for dynamic is likewise more plainly clarified and recorded than in customary hazard evaluation frames in like manner use. A learning Culture, The positive and gainful way to deal with chance includes a profound accentuation inside its on going getting the hang of, utilizing learning and intelligent instruments, for example, questions, for example, whats working? whats not working etc†¦ by characterizing staff their center obligations and their own judgment and inventiveness according to the hazard. Middle of the road Risks is a key angle for the Person Centered Approach in utilizing this procedure it empowers members to have an increasingly adjusted and reasonable way to deal with hazard, discovering approaches to empower the individual to accomplish what is critical to them while thinking about what guards that individual and the network in a manner the individual gets it. Clarify how a help centered way to deal with hazard appraisal would vary from an individual focused methodology A hazard appraisal just recognizes the likelihood of mischief, survey the effect on the individual, and intercessions that will assist with lessening the hazard or to diminish the damage. Evaluations can't forestall chance. Hazard is a typical and empowers learning and comprehension. Hazard evaluations are loaded with outlines and scoring frameworks. An assistance centered methodology looks to maintain a strategic distance from all dangers. Hazard appraisals have no adaptability and is certifiably not a responsive way to deal with meet people groups evolving conditions. A help focused way to deal with chance appraisal would be guided by a standard system and can bargain people rights to settle on decisions and face challenges. An individual focused way to deal with chance taking will discover the harmony between what is imperative to the individual, their desires and the backings that they require. Recognize the ramifications for people of a help centered way to deal with hazard appraisal. Hazard taking will as a rule frequently have positive advantages for people, empowering them to do things that most will underestimate. The issue with an assistance centered way to deal with chance appraisal, is that it lessens the individual’s freedom which thusly could diminish the positive advantages for the person being referred to. An assistance centered way to deal with chance taking typically will in general have a negativ

Daddy By Sylvia Plath Essays - Sylvia Plath, Daddy, Ted Hughes

Daddy By Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath uncovers herself in her confession booth sonnet Daddy. She utilizes solid symbolism and amazing discourse to give her perspectives towards her late dad, Otto Plath and her significant other, Ted Hughes, who likewise hurt her at long last. Her tone infers a solid contempt and appall for the associations with the two men. The sonnet was written in 1963 which happened to be that year that she submitted self destruction. Plath had a past filled with pained occasions and endeavored self destruction. Plath portrays her relationship and sentiments of blame, dread, and torment her father=s demise caused her. Plath utilized symbolism intensely in her sonnet to give her feelings. She throws her dad into various parts all through the sonnet. Plath=s pictures of her dad are contrasted with God, a Nazi, the Devil, and a vampire. These pictures are amazing all alone yet by being assembled they are all-powerful and startling. Before all else the speaker=s cherished recollections of her dad are God-like to her. Her dad wasn't God, however just Aa sack of God(8). He should have been incredible and amazing to her. She keeps on portraying her dad as a Ghastly sculpture with one dim toe (9), demonstrating that her dad was overpowering and as though he was just a duplicate of an individual, phony and cold. Her dad was out of reach since he kicked the bucket while Plath was as yet a small kid. She felt tired of managing her relinquishment issues and was prepared to dispose of the controlling memory of her expired dad. One can see this in the start of the sonnet, You don't do, you don't do Any progressively, dark shoe In which I have lived like a foot (1-3). Plath is battling to exorcize the memory of her dad once what not. At that point Plath proceeds to portray her dad as a Nazi and spots herself in the job of the Jew. This clarifies how she feels that she is a casualty. There isn't any solid wording to recommend that Otto Plath was a ?real= Nazi. This was a representative realtionship of oppressor and persecuted. She outlined how unique they were. She additionally related to her Agypsy ancestress=, indicating that she was far away from the worthy Nazi picture. Plath utilizes standing out symbolism from the references to insignia and the possibility of a Jew, which the Star of David is the main picture to show up in the mind=s eye. She related with the Jews in inhumane imprisonments. This shows how she felt caught also, restricted. Indeed, even the German language was brutal to her ears, AAnd the language profane (30). Everything that her dad was, was something that she proved unable relate with. At that point she later proceeds to give her dad a role as the Devil. AA split in your jaw rather than your foot/But still a fiend for that, no [emailprotected] (53-54). Plath utilizes a correlation between her dad and the demon to accentuation her mentalities toward him. The alleged trait of a devil=s separated hove is controlled by the dad yet not in his foot. Thought Plath is persuaded that it doesn't make her dad any to a lesser extent a demon. Her last monestrous picture she gives her dad is that of a vampire. This is the point in the sonnet which Plath revels her husband=s character more. In the start of the second 50% of ADaddy,@ it is difficult to pinpoint which man she is alluding to. She doesn't as a matter of fact declare the spouse until line 64 I made a model of you, A man in dark with a Meinkampf look And an adoration for the rack and the screw. What's more, I said I do, I do.(64-67) It was after Plath=s self destruction endeavor that she wedded Ted Hughes. You can see that in line 58 through 64. She clarifies how she endeavored self destruction and afterward recognized what she would do. She wedded a man simply like her father, a sort of substitute for her expired dad. Perhaps it was an endeavor to bring her dad back or possibly it was something she did to attempt to adapt to the incomplete emotions she had managing his initial passing. In line 67 she says AI do, I [emailprotected], inferring that she was marriage Ted Hughes as well as damaging the memory of her dad. The sonnet can nearly be generally separated down the middle. The initial 8 refrains can be effortlessly identified with her

Morphological Productivity Of English Word Formation English Language Essay

Morphological Productivity Of English Word Formation English Language Essay Morphological efficiency is a broadly talked about subject in English word arrangement. What it implies for a word arrangement procedure to be morphologically gainful is dubious and different perspectives exist concerning the meaning of morphological profitability. The current exposition intends to reveal some insight into the issue. Various meanings of morphological profitability will be introduced and talked about and particularly the contrast among efficiency and inventiveness, and if there is such a distinction by any stretch of the imagination, will be featured. Also, the subject of whether profitability can be estimated will be tended to, and various sorts of efficiency measure will be thought about and talked about. Is there such a mind-bending concept as a decent efficiency measure, and by what means can the introduced techniques be improved? Instead of giving a shallow review of numerous parts of morphological efficiency, this exposition will concentrate on just a couple, ye t by the by significant perspectives. 2 What is morphological efficiency? The topic of what morphological efficiency is can't be addressed unequivocally as there exist a wide range of perspectives in the writing. While Bauer (1983) states that a word-development process is beneficial in the event that it very well may be utilized synchronically in the creation of new structures (18), Plag (1999) contends that efficiency is the property of an append to be utilized to coin new complex words (44). Presently, as per Plag profitability just records for inflectional and derivational procedures, however Bauer doesn't impart this insight. Truth be told, he calls attention to that there are some word-arrangement forms which are non-affixal, however which may by and by be profitable (Bauer 2001:12), and he records various ablaut-roused mixes like chatter, delay and fiddle faddle to help his contention. From his perspective, profitability doesn't allude exclusively to appends but instead to morphological procedures (cf. Bauer 2001:13). There are a few different meani ngs of morphological profitability, similar to that of Spencer (1991) who views a standard as beneficial on the off chance that it is consistently and effectively utilized in the production of absolutely new words (49). Spencers definition looks like that of Bauer in that he centers around the synchronic making of new words, yet in addition contrasts in the regard that Bauer features the potential arrangement of new words while Spencer calls attention to that profitability is a functioning procedure. Consequently, as indicated by Spencer, morphological profitability isn't worried about the chance of a word-arrangement procedure to shape new words however there must be real proof for this. A further definition was proposed by Schultink (1961) on which the more present day definitions are based. He introduced an increasingly modern record of morphological efficiency: Profitability as a morphological wonder is the chance which language clients need to shape an on a fundamental level uncountable number of new words unexpectedly, by methods for a morphological procedure which is the premise of the structure meaning correspondence of certain words they know. (qtd. in Plag 1999:13) Schultinks perspective is against that of morphological innovativeness. Based on learned guidelines, speakers structure new words. The use of these guidelines, for instance that the addition - ness can be joined to descriptors to frame things, is pivotal for the procedure of morphological profitability. In the accompanying sub-segment I will give a review of the distinction among imaginative and profitable word-development forms. 2.1 Productivity versus inventiveness Schultinks unexpected or additionally oblivious nature of utilization of profitable standards is normal: when a standard is exceptionally gainful, neologisms on its premise will barely be seen as they look so recognizable and not creative. For instance, the postfix - ness can be utilized to shape things from countless descriptive words, and speakers have disguised this standard to such a degree, that neologisms with - ness are not especially striking and are more frequently framed than neologism with the addition - ese (cf. Haspelmath 2002: 101). Then again, imaginative neologisms are constantly purposeful developments that follow a useless example (Haspelmath 2002: 100). This view was initially gotten from Lyons (1977) who set forward the idea of rule-administered and non-rule represented word-arrangement. As per Lyons, profitability is a characterizing property of language, permitting a local speaker to deliver a vastly enormous number of sentences, to be represented by the standards of punctuation (cf. Lyons 1977: 549), while imagination is the local speakers capacity to expand the language framework in a spurred, yet unusual (non-rule represented) way (Bauer 2001: 63). Bauer gives a case of this distinction based on the word talent scout. On the off chance that it is viewed as an arrangement developed to assign an individual from a clan which keeps the leaders of its casualties, the word-arrangement process is profitable in light of the fact that it is administered by syntactic standards. Nonetheless, on the off chance that it is viewed as a figurative articulation, alluding to one who initiates administrators for an enormous company, the word-dev elopment process is viewed as imaginative on the grounds that the significance of the word is semantically obscure and on the off chance that one doesn't have the foggiest idea about the importance of the second feeling of talent scout, it is absurd to expect to get it from the word alone (cf. Bauer 2001: 63). Henceforth, analysability and semantic straightforwardness appear to be pre-necessities for morphological efficiency, however they are in no way, shape or form adequate conditions, for example the addition - ess is analysable and straightforward however not gainful. Notwithstanding that, imaginative procedures can be analysable and straightforward also. This turns out to be clear when we take a gander at analogical developments, for example, trialogue, which is gotten from discourse, or the German word Hausmann, which is gotten from Hausfrau (cf. Haspelmath 2002: 102). Another issue is that it is hard to recognize plainly between (levels of) cognizance and deliberateness in singular cases. The reality of the situation might prove that there is a blend of deliberate and inadvertent and oblivious word-arrangement forms. Haspelmath noticed that on account of the way that we don't have a clue what a speaker means and thinks when he shapes new words, it is difficult to state that profitable procedures are constantly oblivious (Haspelmath 2002: 101). Haspelmath delineates this with the case of the word mentalese, which was instituted by a logician in the mid twentieth century. The arrangement of mentalese was inventive, however the inquiry emerges why he didn't utilize the word thoughtese or mindese which would have been similarly adequate from a semantic perspective. The response to this inquiry is that the addition - ese likes to follow bases with a solid feeble pressure design (like in mã ²therã ©se or Jã panã ©se) and since thought and brain are monosyllabic, they don't fit in with this example (cf. on the same page.). It is impossible that the savant considered this as he authored mentalese, yet he may have disguised this standard and settled on his decision unwittingly. In this way, it can't be affirmed that profitability and imagination are two autonomous procedures which are totally unrelated, yet they rather appear to impact one another and the two procedures can add to the development of new words simultaneously. This is stressed by the way that imaginative procedures can transform into gainful procedures; for example, the addition - scape was first utilized as a relationship and later got profitable (cf. Claridge 2008). This shows there is no reasonable limit among efficiency and innovativeness and the inquiry remains where inventiveness finishes and profitability begins, or if a qualification between these procedures can be made by any stretch of the imagination. 3. Estimating efficiency (?) Regarding the previously mentioned issue that it is risky to recognize profitability and innovativeness, it is conceivable that efficiency isn't a procedure which is either there or not however it rather is by all accounts the case that profitability can be bit by bit estimated on a scale. Therefore, we can't expressly say that a word-arrangement process is gainful or inefficient, however it may be exceptionally beneficial or less profitable. Be that as it may, is it really conceivable to gauge how beneficial a given word-development process is? This inquiry will be talked about based on different estimates which have been proposed before. Bolinger (1948) recommended that profitability is the factual availability with which a component goes into new mixes (qtd. in Plag 2003: 52). This suggests a quantitative idea of profitability and implies that data about the sort recurrence of a specific procedure and about the quantity of new words which are shaped by this procedure are fundamental. Type recurrence is really the most continuous kind of measure, yet it is simultaneously exceptionally questioned (cf. Plag 2003: 52). It gauges the quantity of various words shaped by a specific example, for instance, what number of various words are made with the addition - ness. This should be possible utilizing a decent word reference, for example the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). The issue with this is, be that as it may, that this won't reveal to us anything about the synchronic utilization of the addition - ness, and we just figure out how profitable the postfix was previously (cf. Bauer 2001: 144). The facts might confirm that the procedure advanced into the psychological vocabulary so as to not respect a word-development which was once new as irregular any longer, and along these lines they don't utilize this procedure to shape new words with it. Plag makes reference to the postfix - ment, which was utilized for the coinage of numerous new words before is still extremely visit, however not, at this point utilized in the arrangement of new words (cf. Plag 2003: 52). Thus, if a particular sort is visit in the word reference, it doesn't imply that it is profitable since efficiency is a marvel of the synchronic utilization of language. Another strategy is to tally the quantity of neologisms that emerged over a c

What Marital Sex Statistics Can Reveal

What Marital Sex Statistics Can Reveal Relationships Spouses & Partners Print What Marital Sex Statistics Can Reveal Whos Doing It and How Often? By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Updated on November 26, 2019 DreamPictures / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse While its not usually a good idea to compare your sex life to what sex statistics say about others, it can be interesting to look at how often other couples have sex. For example, many people believe theyre having less sex than their peers (according to a goop.com reader survey), but scientific study results might prove them wrong. Other stats can offer insight on married couples sexual satisfaction and even relationship satisfaction and how its related to sex. How Often Do Married Couples Have Sex? Americans in their 20s (whether partnered or not) have sex about 80 times a year, or more than once per week, says a 2017 study.?? While that number declines with age, it turns out that there is such a thing as too much sex. While the frequency of sex is associated with happiness, partnered couples who have sex more than once a week are no happier than those having sex weekly, according to an analysis of three research studies of over 30,000 people.?? Having sex once a week might be the ideal, according to science. But the real ideal is what works for you and your partner. If youre happy, then youre having the right amount of sex for you. If youre not, you can work on the problem through better communication, more experimentation in the bedroom, and/or couples or sex therapy. More research looking at this sex frequency-happiness connection noted that pushing frequency past once a week might lead to a decline in wanting for, and enjoyment of, sex.?? In other words, quality counts as much as quantity. Whats more, one study of heterosexual couples published in 2017 linked husbands positive behaviors toward their wives with the frequency of sex.?? So if you want more in bed, you might try being more generous and giving outside of the bedroom. How Much Sex Is Enough in a Marriage or Relationship? Married Sex and Satisfaction A survey conducted by Durex (the condom maker) in 2013 looked at some of the ways sex can promote connection and satisfaction in couples. Some results included: 96% of respondents said being emotionally connected results in the best sex.92% are turned on by their partner showing vulnerability.90% believe it is possible for sex to get better after years of being together.61% of women and 80% of men say the sex is pretty good. (Another 2013 survey, from iVillage, got the same result.) Satisfaction and interpersonal warmth matter more in a marriage than the frequency of intercourse, according to sex researchers. And there is a strong connection between sex, well-being, affection, and positive affect (or mood), according to research published in 2017.?? Mutual respect is also important; when partners feel respected, they also report being sexually satisfied. In terms of how their sex life could be improved, people say theyre looking for more love and romance; more quality time alone with their partner; more fun; and less stress. Married Sex and Communication Couples also say they could have better communication with their partner. The answer to what should we do to make our sex life better/have sex more often/make sex more satisfying often begins with talking. One study, published in 2019, tied better sexual communication with greater sexual satisfactionâ€"and even fewer faked orgasms. Women who continued to fake orgasms were more likely to indicate embarrassment talking about sex with their partner in explicit ways, the studys authors said??. More than half of women reported they had wanted to communicate with a partner regarding sex but decided not to; the most common reasons were not wanting to hurt a partner’s feelings, not feeling comfortable going into detail, and embarrassment, the study continued. How to Talk About Sex With Your Partner A Word From Verywell Though interesting, what statistics say about other peoples sex lives is usually not relevant to your own. What matters is how you and partner feel about your relationship and sex lifeâ€"and how well you can discuss it with each other. Communication is key. Depending on the underlying issues and emotions you and your partner are experiencing, you might benefit from working with a personal therapist, a couples counselor, or a sex therapist.

Firewall Internet Protocol. - Information Technology Dissertations - Free Essay Example

Abstract Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology has come of age and is quickly gaining momentum on Broadband networks. VoIP packetizes phone calls through the same routes used by network and Internet traffic and is consequently prone to the same cyber threats that plague data networks today. It presents lower cost and greater flexibility for a venture but presents considerable security challenges. Many solutions for VoIP security are projected, however these solutions should take into account the real-time constriction of voice service and their methods be supposed to address probable attacks and overhead related with it. One of these solutions is to make use of Firewalls, which implement a security strategy by examining and straining traffic arriving or leaving from a protected network. This is normally done by evaluating an incoming packet to a set of policies and performing the corresponding rule action, which is accept or reject. Undesirably packet examinations can require considerable interruptions on traffic due to the difficulty and size of policies. Consequently, improving firewall performance is significant for the VoIP networks. In this paper, we propose a new firewall deign that is able to dynamically update firewall policy based on Neural Network and achieve packet examinations under rising traffic loads, higher traffic speeds, and stringent QoS necessities. The design consists of several firewalls configured in parallel that jointly impose a defense strategy. Every firewall outfits part of the rule and incoming packets is processed through all the firewalls concurrently. Once the neural network is trained, it continuously updates the firewall policy using the selected parameters to perform its evaluation. Since many firewalls are utilized to process each packet, the proposed parallel firewall system has considerably lower delays and a higher throughput than other firewalls. Introduction Voice over IP the transmission of voice over traditional packet-switched IP networks is one of the hottest trends in telecommunications. Although most computers can provide VoIP and many offer VoIP applications, the term voice over IP is typically associated with equipment that lets users dial telephone numbers and communicate with parties on the other end who have a VoIP system or a traditional analog telephone. (The sidebar, Current voice-over-IP products, describes some of the products on the market today.) As with any new technology, VoIP introduces both opportunities and problems. It offers lower cost and greater flexibility for an enterprise but presents significant security challenges. As with any new technology, VoIP introduces both opportunities and problems.. Security administrators might assume that because digitized voice travels in packets, they can simply plug VoIP components into their already secured networks and get a stable and secure voice network. Quality of service (QoS) is fundamental to a VoIP networks operation. A VoIP application is much more sensitive to delays than its traditional data counterparts. Latency turns traditional security measures into double-edged swords for VoIP. Tools such as encryption and firewall protection can help secure the network, but they also produce significant delay. Latency isnt just a QoS issue, but also a security issue because it increases the systems susceptibility to denial-of-service attacks. To succeed in a VoIP network, a DoS attack need not completely shut down the system, but only delay voice packets for a fraction of a second. The necessary impediment is even less when latency-producing security devices are slowing down traffic. As described in the introduction, parallelization offers a Scalable technique for improving the performance of network firewalls. Using this approach an array of m firewalls processes packets in parallel. However, the two designs depicted in differ based on what is distributed: packets or rules. The design was Consisted of multiple identical firewalls connected in parallel, each firewall j in the system implements a local policy Rj where Rj = R. Arriving packets are distributed across the firewalls for processing (one packet is sent to one firewall), allowing different packets to be processed in parallel. Since each packet is processed using the policy Rj = R, policy integrity is maintained. A neural network is a group of interconnected nodes. The well-known example is the human brain, the most complicated and difficult neural network. We can make very fast and reliable choice in portion of a second. In the face of the clear neatness of usual thinking, outcome are usually not-white and -black or binary, but quite engage a broad diversity of alert and secreted inputs, we have an wonderful facility to recognize well-known patterns as well as extraordinary patterns more or less directly, the neural network approach effort to reproduce the way humans visually the usual consumer speedily studies to identify spam from correct connection. The reason for this is generally since we illustration our brains both on reason to a broad variety of message content and the brain learns to create lightning-fast, very exact guess. The capacity of utilizing packet changed networks as a transmit standard for real-time tone of voice connections has drawn broad awareness among both research and possible communities alike. The current progress in speech conventions and high speed information communication technology hold up the notice in equipment such as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), the mathematical character of information interchange and the energetic routing method engaged in packet-switched networks outcomes in an unbalanced network delay (jitter) practiced by IP packets. [chris miller]. Although a data-parallel firewall can achieve higher throughput than a traditional (single machine) firewall, it suffers from two major disadvantages. First, stateful inspection requires all traffic from a certain connection or exchange to traverse the same firewall. Successful connection tracking is difficult to perform at high speeds using the data-parallel approach Second, distributing packets is only beneficial when each firewall in the array has a significant amount of traffic to process (never idle), which only occurs under high traffic loads. In order to understand parity in a carrier network maintaining secrecy, the studying techniques to know excluded traffic from partial information, such as the header information and show pattern of a series of packets. The propose a traffic credit technique for a direct request which uses mathematical information such as incidence of packet coming. This method is to be used for stop idea by recognize traffic generate by not only VoIP but video request as well. By using this method, travel that is clearly mediator excluded is not needed, the quality of traffic that is classified into best services, such as urgent situation message and moving sharing, is certain, and, for best effort services, suitable operation are perform so that capital can not be busy by a few edge, so as to understand fairness in symbol services. This advance is to applications that generate traffic from the presentation of the traffic. It can be underground into the following three types regarding the granularity of the observed traffic. [Toshiya Okabe Tsutomu Kitamura 2006]. Transaction-level behavior This approach is a system focus on the skin of an application-level action, such as an HTTP request message, and its response, an HTTP response message or MAIL message. With this progress, a request is indirect from the change patterns, the size of each message. A method to order maintain by the time-series changes in the size of messages. These techniques are useful for sense a signal protocol, but are not suitable for discovery of real-time message traffic whose features are boring and last for a fairly long time. [Toshiya Okabe Tsutomu Kitamura 2006] Flow-level behavior This method is to make out an application from mathematical information such as the inter-arrival time, period of the run, packet size. Here, a run is defined as a sequence of packets having a common source address, source port, destination address, destination port and transport protocol. It is extract skin of size data message request flows, such as HTTP, FTP and SMTP graceful from side to side a network, in order to create workload for a network simulator and classify traffic into three lessons, bulk data message such as FTP, informal message. [Toshiya Okabe Tsutomu Kitamura 2006] Packet-level behavior This is techniques that identify a request from the header or load of a single packet. A group method mainly based on port facts has been used but its efficiency has been lost due to the arrival of P2P applications that illegitimately use chance port numbers and port numbers for HTTP to traverse a Firewall. [Toshiya Okabe Tsutomu Kitamura 2006]. Average packet length and variation The result of extract skin correlated to the normal packet size and difference in packet size. Difference in packet size here indicates the number of types of packet size for a request whose packet size is fixed. It is the result of take out the skin of voice applications. The packet size of the voice application is lesser than that of the other application. [ Takayuki Shizuno 2006] As with any new knowledge, VoIP introduce both opportunity and problems. It offers lesser cost and greater give for an project but presents significant security challenge. Security administrator strength suppose that because digitized voice actions in packets, the plug VoIP mechanism into their previously protected networks and get a stable and secure voice network address translation (NAT), and most VoIP mechanism have counterpart in data network, VoIPs presentation stress mean you must extra ordinary network software and hardware with special VoIP mechanism. Packet network depend on many configurable bound: IP and physical addresses of say terminal of routers and firewalls. VoIP networks add specific software, to place and route calls. Many network bound are recognized with passion each time a network part is restart or when a VoIP phone is restart or added to the network.. So many nodes in a VoIP network have dynamically configurable bound; But VoIP systems have much stricter presentation constraint than data networks with important implication for security. [ Takayuki Shizuno 2006]. Quality-of-service issues Quality of service is basic to a VoIP networks process. A VoIP request is much more responsive to delay than its customary data matching part. In the VoIP language, this is the latency problem. Latency turns conventional safety measured. Tools such as encryption and firewall defense can help secure the system, but they also set up important delay. Latency isnt just a QoS issue, but also a safety issue because it increases the system weakness to denial-of-service attacks. To do well in a VoIP network, a DoS attack need not totally shut down the system, but only delay voice packets for a part of a second. The necessary let is even less when latency-producing security devices are slowing down traffic. Another QoS issue jitter, refers to no uniform delays that can cause packets to turn up and be process out of series. The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), which is used to move voice media, so packets received out of order cant be reassembled at the move level, but must be rearrange at the request level, introduce major above your head. When packets turn up in order, high jitter causes them to arrive at their target in spurts. To control jitter, network expensive can use buffers and implement QoS-supporting network elements that let VoIP packets when larger data packets are listed in front of them. The buffer can use one of several plans to resolve when to let go voice data, counting several scheme that adapt the payout time also encompass packet loss. In addition to the usual packet loss issue related with data networks, even VoIP packets that reach their target can be make useless by latency and jitter. [thomas j. walsh and d. richard kuhn ]. Project Background Neural network is the bury order growing fast in current years. It is jointly of a massive deal of easy giving out units of neuron with providing connect as a neural network. It can replicate the information distribution task of human being brain, with huge talent of nonlinear estimate, consecutively storage, large-scale similar development, and self-training lessons. The information distribution in the neural network is recognizing by the communication between the neurons, and the storage of data and in progression as increase physical interconnection of the network parts. [, a. shelestov, v. pasechnik, a. sidorenko, n. kussul , 2006]. A parallel firewall (also called a load-balancing firewall) is a scalable approach for increasing the speed of inspecting network traffic. As seen in figure .the system consists of multiple identical firewalls connected in parallel. Each firewall in the system implements the complete security policy and arriving packets are distributed across the firewalls such that only one firewall processes any given packet. How the load-balancing algorithm distributes packets is vital to the system and typically implemented as a high-speed switch in commercial products. Although parallel firewalls achieve a higher throughput than traditional firewalls and have a redundant design, the performance benefit is only evident under high traffic loads. Furthermore, stateful inspection requires all traffic from a certain connection or exchange to traverse the same firewall, which is difficult to perform at high speeds. This paper introduces a new scalable parallel firewall architecture designed for increasing network speeds and traffic loads. The design consists of multiple firewalls where each firewall implements only a portion of the security policy. Since the policy is divided across the firewalls, rule distribution guidelines are provided that maintains integrity, ensuring the new parallel design and a traditional single firewall always reach the same decision. Unlike the previous parallel design, When a packet arrives to the new architecture it is processed by every firewall in parallel, thus the processing time required per packet is reduced. Simulation results for the new architecture (consisting of four firewalls) yielded a 74% reduction in processing time as compared to other parallel firewall designs. Furthermore, the proposed architecture can provide stateful inspections since a packet is processed by every firewall. Therefore, the new parallel design is a scalable solution that can offer better performance and more capabilities than other designs. In list-based rule symbol, when packets arrive at a firewall, it is in sequence check against the system in the rule list until a match is found or attainment the end of the list. Then, the parallel action is applied to mass or pass the packet. To make the policy complete of match is always found for each packet, the computational difficulty of the sort process depends on the length of rule as the depth of result a matched rule in the rule list. Apply more composite policy can result in major traffic wait which is not only a presentation block in high speed environment but also can make it weaker to rejection of service attacks. Moreover, attractive the filter time is more difficult for multimedia applications that require firm quality of service promise. Although hardware solutions can very much decrease the packet giving out time, they are costly for large policy and improvement hardware may not be suitable in inheritance systems. on the other hand, better data structure for inner policy symbol and better search mechanism have been planned to provide relatively and effective solution to benefit on hand hardware systems. The rules are group to allow multidimensional search by at once eliminate multiple rules with few comparison. While tries have shown great agree in improving the search time, the storage condition and difficulty in maintain try and policy honesty increases as more rules . Moreover, a policy trie does not take into report the traffic personality. In a method for trie sorting is proposed that sustain the policy honesty while reorder rules for unreliable traffic situation. The number of contrast as compare to the original trie. Traffic-aware optimization of list-based firewalls has been addressed in rules are assigned matching probability that depend on the traffic information. Other firewall models have been planned to signify and analyze policy whether for central or distributed firewall architectures with main focus on identify rule conflicts and variance; Wireless local (WLAN) and wireless personal (WPAN) area networks are being used increasingly to implement VoIP forces. The main drives for using these architectures are user mobility. Behind realible real-time repair is one of the major concerns for generally use of VoIP in these wireless IPbased networks and safety is now getting the notice of researchers. The security and efficiency are consisting requirements. [El-Sayed M. El-Alfy and Shokri Z. Selim 2007] Literature Review Introduction: Literature Review is the process of finding information for help on searching for resources on the Internet. Reading intensively in the chosen topic area is essential, but the task can prove daunting if they do not approach it in a systematic way. The continuous number of high-profile Internet security breeches reported in the mass media shows that despite an emphasis on security processes that there is still a gap between theory and practice. Not only is there a need to develop better software engineering processes but also theoretical security improvements need to find their way into real systems. Software design patterns are defined as descriptions of communicating objects and classes that are customized to solve a general design problem in a particular context. As software design patterns have proven their value in the development of production software, they are a promising new approach to help in both the theoretical development and practical implementation of better security processes. First, many/most software developers have only a limited knowledge of security processes and patterns are a proven way to improve their understanding. Second, patterns work against reinventing-the-wheel to promote learning best practices from the larger community to save time, effort, and money with easily accessible and validated examples. Third, code can be reused since the same security patterns arise in many different contexts Investigating existing resources in our area of research will generally cover three areas: Exploratory investigations, as part of the development and evaluation of possible topics in an area Investigation is some depth, sufficient to support a formal research and dissertation proposal Complete research that is described in the literature / research section of the dissertation. [from Writing the Doctoral Dissertation, To Author names] 2. Related Research Work Available: Wireless local (WLAN) and wireless personal (WPAN) area networks are being used progressively to implement VoIP services. The main motivation for using these architectures are user mobility, setup flexibility, increasing transmission rate and low costs, despite this convergence depends on the answers of several technical problems Supporting reliable real-time service is one of the major concerns for widely deployment of VoIP in these ireless IPbased networks and security is now receiving the attention of researchers. The problem of offering security to WLAN and WPAN is that security does not come for free and, security and efficiency are conflicting requirements. The introduction of a security mechanism such as the IPSec encryption-engine to overcome these issues impacts directly in the speech quality of established calls and in the channel capacity. Moreover, largely deployed radio technology standards as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth used to achieve wireless connectivity have several constraints when delivering real-time traffic, as transmission errors at the channel, introducing delay and loss which with security mechanisms impact can lead to low quality VoIP calls. Although these technologies offer some security mechanisms, they have some flaws which need to be addressed by an additional level of security. In this paper we focus on the IPSec protocol to achieve the data secrecy due to its widely deployment and implementation of many encryption algorithms. During final decades information technology founded on the computer networks take part in an essential role in different areas of human being action. Troubles of huge importance are assigned on them, such as maintenance, communication and mechanization of information processing. The safety level of processed information is able to differ from private and viable to military and state secret. Herewith the destruction of the information secrecy, reliability and accessibility may cause the spoil to its proprietor and contain important unattractive consequences. Hence the trouble of information safety is concerned. Many associations and companies expand safety facilities that need important aids. In additional, the impracticality of creating wholly protected system is a recognized fact it will always hold faults and gaps in its understanding. To guard computer systems such familiarized mechanisms as classification and verification, methodologies of the delimitation and limit of the access to data and cryptographic techniques are applied. But they hold following drawbacks: Disclosure from interior users with spiteful purpose; Complexity in access separation caused by data sources globalization, which cleans away difference between personal and foreign topics of the system; Diminution of efficiency and communication complexity by reason of methods for access control to the sources, for occasion, in e-commerce; Effortlessness of passwords description by crating arrangements of simple users relations. Hence classification and audit systems are utilized beside with these methods. between them are interruption. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). IDS are generally separated to systems detecting previously identified attacks (mishandling exposure systems) and variance exposure systems registering the life cycle differences of the computer system from its usual (distinctive) action. Besides, IDS are divided to network-based and host-based category by data source. Network-based IDS examine network dataflow, caring its members, almost not moving the output of their work. Network-based systems do not utilize data about progression from divide workstation. A firewall is a mixture of hardware and software used to put into practice a security policy leading the flow of network traffic between two or more networks. In its simplest form, a firewall acts as a safety barrier to control traffic and manage links between internal and external network hosts. The actual means by which this is able varies and ranges from packet sort and proxy service to stateful examination methods. A more difficult firewall may hide the topology of the network it is employed to keep, Firewalls have recognized to be useful in trade with a large number of pressure that create from outer a network. They are becoming ever-present and necessary to the action of the network. The constant growth of the Internet, coupled with the increasing difficulty of attacks, however, is placing further stress and difficulty on firewalls design and management. . [ Subrata Acharya, Jia Wang, Albert Greenberg 2006] Furthermore, the need to deal with large set of varied safety policy and rules impose additional load on firewalls, thus depiction the presentation of the firewall highly serious to enforce the network safety policy. In this context, the defense that a firewall provides only the policies it is configured to execute, but evenly importantly the speed at which it enforces these policy. Under attack or deep load, firewalls can simply become a bottleneck. As the network size, bandwidth, and giving out power of networked hosts carry on increasing, there is a high demand for optimizing firewall operation for improved performance. [ Subrata Acharya, Jia Wang, Albert Greenberg 2006] Multi-dimensional firewall research group of people to focus on mounting various optimizations to make firewalls more resourceful and steady. In spite of significant progress in the design of firewalls, the techniques for firewall optimization remains static and fail to get used to to the always varying dynamics of the network. This is frequently due to their failure to take into account the traffic individuality by the firewall, such as source and purpose, service requests and the resultant action taken by the firewall in reply to these requests. Moreover, current firewall designs do not support adaptive difference discovery and counter measure device. As a result, they run the risk to become unbalanced under attack. The object of this paper is to address the above failing and develop a sound and effective toolset to hasten firewall operation and adapt its performance to the dynamically altering network traffic individuality. Achieve this goal, however is tough, as the number of policy and safety rules a firewall has to enforce for enterprise network. In addition, there is a need for preserve high policy addition. This is further compounded by the limited resources of firewalls relation to the increased ability of the network to process and forward traffic at very high speed. [ Subrata Acharya, Jia Wang, Albert Greenberg 2006] Methodolgy Network Firewall Parallelization Firewall parallelization is a scalable move toward for attaining the speed of system traffic assessment [Carsten Benecke,1999] necessary for improved network paces and traffic loads. In this section data parallel [Carsten Benecke,1999] and function parallel designs [Errin W. Fulp,2002] for parallel firewalls are explained. Similar to their distributed computing descriptions necessitate, data parallel partition the information set across the array of firewalls, while function parallel distributes the work set across the array of firewalls. The data parallel technique is a scalable substitute to a single firewall that permits for better throughput potentials. Function parallel techniques can diminish the dispensation time necessary on any firewall node yielding enhanced presentation. In addition, unlike data parallel designs, the proposed function parallel architecture can offer stateful assessments. This proposal shows that function parallel designs are scalable solution that can offer better performance and more facilities than other designs. Parallel Firewall Architecture: Function Parallel Firewall [W. Fulp and Ryan J] consists of multiple firewalls coupled in parallel and a gatedevice, as shown in figure. Every firewall in the system outfits a local strategy, where incoming packets are disseminated across the firewalls for processing (one packet is sent to one firewall), permitting different packets to be processed in parallel. Because every packet is processed by the policy, reliability is maintained. The common operation of the scheme can be described as follows. When a packet reaches to the function-parallel system it is promoted to all the firewall and the gate. Each firewall processes the packet with its local policy, as well as any state information. The firewall then signals the gate representing either no match was found, or offers the rule number and action if a match was found. As local policies are a division of the original, a no-matchis a suitable answer and is necessary for the function-parallel design. The gate stores the outcomes and establishes the final action to achieve on the packet using the Firewall rule. Parallel Firewall System Components A function parallel system consists of a collection of firewall nodes. Packets are replicated to all firewall nodes as they go into the system. Policies must be disseminated across the system such that they specify an accept set identical to the original accept set and no local policys accept set can overlap another local policys accept set. The received packets are then combined into one stream to arrive at the destination. A control plane is also essential to permit common system management. Firewall Nodes The firewall nodes contain a network interface card for every network input and control plane. This design implements the firewall nodes as PCs running the Linux operating system with a kernel that supports iptables. It must be stated that iptables was selected for an profitable feature of provisional rule dispensation. By default there are built-in sets of policies called chains divided by whether they hold traffic bound for procedures pay attention on local input devices, proposed for routing throughout the system to another network or outbound and supplied from a local procedure. In addition iptables has support for user defined chains. The user defined chains can be called if a packet matches a rule in a sequence. Packet Duplicator Packet Duplicator is essential on all links which will input traffic into the system. In Ethernet networks packet duplication is easily achieved with a network hub because any packets arriving on a hub port are copied to all other hub ports. But, in high speed networks hub technology is not presented. The only available devices in high speed networks to attain duplication are network taps. These devices are used for duplicating network traffic, usually used in intrusion detection systems that necessitate network monitoring. Control Plane In a single firewall system, protected customer communication can be offered through the prerequisite of physical existence. To generate a protected technique of management, communication to the collection of firewall nodes can be quarantined on a separate control plane. In the simplest form this entails a separate subnet which all firewall nodes survive on. Component Integration Joining these components into a functional design can be cut down into two network representations. The first utilizes simply one packet duplicator and can simply offer protection for traffic from one source. The second topology allows two networks to communicate bi-directionally through the system. One-Directional System This technique only thinks about packets traveling in one direction; for example, only packets are moving from source to destination. The collection of firewall nodes use the same IP address and MAC address and all will take the incoming network interface card in immoral mode. All but one firewall node will allow existing networking equipment outside of the system to cooperate with no alterations. The firewall node which does respond to user requirements can also be permitted to respond to ICMP ping requests in order to formulate the system additional compatible. For the outgoing network interface cards, any IP or MAC can be used as long as it permits communication with the destination. Bi-directional System The Bi-directional system considers packets moving in both directions; for example, packets traveling from source to destination and then back to source. Setup the source network interface cards in the similar method as the one directional scheme. The destination network interface cards are setup using a different single IP and MAC. All Network Interface Cards are brought up in immoral mode, and only one destination Network Interface Card is allowed to react to user requests. Since this design needs that both network duplicate packets, the tap device must be able to combine traffic which is send back through it onto the linkage with the destination network. Dynamic Update of Firewall Policy A firewall is a system component that pedals the traversal of packets crossways the limitations of a protected system support on an exact safety strategy. A firewall safety strategy is a list of planned sort out rules that define the events achieve on matching packets. A regulation is collected of sort out pasture such as protocol type, starting place IP address, end IP address, starting place port and end port, and an achievement pasture. Every network pasture could be a on its own value or variety of standards. Filtering events are also to recognize, which exceed the packet into or from the protected system, or to Denny, which causes the container to be redundant. The containers are established or without by an exact regulation if the packet header in order matches all the system pasture of this rule. Without a firewall policy, overseer and connection are brief unsighted. Without a policy to guide firewall execution and direction, the firewall itself may become a safety problem [E. AI-Shaer and H. Hamed, 2002]. General work has been done to encourage the filtering efficiency of firewall. For a firewall, one of the assessment indicators, which make a decision its presentation, is tuple evaluation [E.W. Fulp and S. J. Tarsa, 2005]. When firewall strategy alters, like a regulation deleted, these implement will not energetically reply to the updating. Differing to that, they all require recreating the firewall strategy. As the request of system develops, the firewall policies could change regularly. If every change leads to a renovation of the firewall, the price would be enormous. Although it is rather ancient, file explanation of firewall strategy is able to reply to the inform straightly. On the other side, some of the communicate tools are not capable to represent all the matching type of filtering field, like Policy Tree, this would limit the request of these tools. To pick up the filtering speed of firewall, researchers have planned many appearance tools for firewall policy. However, these tools divide a limitation: not well-matched with active updating of firewall strategy. Therefore, this paper recommend Neural Network model. NN can handle not only the package filtering but also energetically reply to the updating of innovative policies. In this study, we examine the use of neural network for packet filtering. The neural network system was considered in eight ways with effort to the neural network in the form of moreover access rules or optimized permission rules or binary form of access rules or representing wildcards as 0 and 255, or grouping of them. These qualified neural networks were analyzing for their accuracy and the presentation aspects such as preparation time using test data. In order to additional recover the safety; the data connected to the local usage of the network was also used to prepare the network Neural Network Model: Neural network is one of the inter-disciplines increasing quickly in recent years. It is collected of a great deal of simple processing units (neuron) with flexibility, interconnecting as a neural network [Kobayashi, F.; Fukui, T.; Arai, F, 2002]. It can suggest the information dispensation functions of human brain, with great abilities of nonlinear approximation, information storage, large-scale parallel processing, self-training study, self-organization, fault-tolerant and so on. The information dispensation in the neural network is understood by the contact between the neurons, and the storage of knowledge and in order is accessible as dispersed physical interconnection of the network components. The study and classification of the neural network depend on the energetic development of the association weights between the neurons. Firewall Policy Editor Firewall policies [E. AI-Shaer and H. Hamed, 2002] are often written by dissimilar network overseer and irregularly updated (by inserting, modifying or removing rules) to contain new security requirements and network topology changes. Editing a safety policy can be far harder than creating a new one. As rules in firewall policy are prepared, a new regulation must be inserting in a exacting order to keep away from produce anomalies. The same is valid if any network field in a rule is customized. In this section, we present policy editor tools that simplifies the rule editing task considerably, and avoids bring in irregularity due to policy modernize. The policy editor (1) without delay the user with the proper position(s) for a new or customized rule (2) shows the changes in the safety policy semantic before and after take away a rule, and (3) give visual aids for users to track and confirm policy changes. Using the policy editor, overseer requires no preceding information or understating of the firewall policy in order to put in, adapt or take away a rule. Rule Insertion Since the arrange of rules in the filtering act list directly collision the semantics of the firewall safety policy, a new rule must be introduce in the correct order in the policy such that no investigation or idleness is formed. The policy editor helps the user to determine the correct position(s) of the new rule to be inserted. It also recognizes irregularity that may occur due to improper introduction of the new rule. The general idea is that the order of a new rule is resolute based on its relation with other accessible system in the firewall strategy. In universal, a new regulation should be inserted before any rule that is its superset match, and after any rule that is its separation match. The strategy tree is used to keep track of the correct order of the new rule, and find out any potential anomalies. The algorithm execute the mechanism to insert a new rule is fully illustrate in [E. AI-Shaer and H. Hamed, 2002]. The algorithm is prepared into two stages: the browsing stage and the introduction stage. In the browsing stage, the fields of the new rule are comparing with the equivalent tree branch values one at a time. If the field value of the new regulation is a subset of an accessible branch, then the new rule must be inserting before the least amount order of all the system in this branch. If the field value is a superset of an existing branch, the rule must be inserted after the highest order of all the system in this branch. In addition, if the field value is an exact match or a subset match of a branch, appraise the next field keep on recursively by browsing through the division sub-tree awaiting correct position of the rule within the sub-tree is resolute. Otherwise, if displace or superset match happen, a division is created for the new rule. The algorithm enters into the introduction stage when the achievement field of a new rule is to be inserted. If an action division is created for the new rule, then the rule will be inserted and allocate the order resolute in the browsing stage. If there is more than one possible order for this rule, the user is request to choose an order from within a valid range of instructions as strong-minded in the browsing stage. However, if the order state of the new rule remainder undecided then policy editor discards this new rule and rapid the user with the appropriate significance. If the rule is put in, the anomaly detection algorithm is invoked to prepare the overseer with any generalization or correlation cases as a potential cause of anomalies in the firewall strategy. Rule Removal and Modification In general, removing a rule has much less collision on the firewall strategy than introduction [E. AI-Shaer and H. Hamed, 2002]. An uninvolved rule does not bring in an irregularity but it might alter the strategy semantics and this change should be decorated and established. To remove a regulation, the user goes into the rule number to reduce the rule from the rule list and choose to take away it. To sample the effect of rule elimination, the policy editor gives a textual conversion of the exaggerated portion of the strategy before and after the rule is uninvolved. The user is able to contrast and examine the strategy semantics before and after elimination, and re-assure accuracy of the strategy changes. Modifying a rule in a firewall policy is also a dangerous process. However, this restriction action can be easily managed as rule taking away and insertion as explain before. Conclusion: It is essential that a network firewall performs evidently to legal users, with small or no effect on the supposed network performance. This is particularly true if traffic necessitates specific network Quality of Service (QoS), such as limits on the packet delay, jitter, and throughput. Due to the increasing traffic loads and network speeds the firewall can rapidly turn into a blockage. The proposed parallel design consists of several firewalls and Neural Network for dynamically updating the Firewall Policy. Every firewall outfits a part of the defense policy. When a packet enter into the system it is processed by all firewall concurrently, which considerably decrease the processing time per packet. In addition, rule allocation guidelines that preserve policy reliability were introduced, which guarantees the parallel design and a conventional single firewall constantly arrive at the same conclusion for any packet. In addition unlike other designs, the proposed design can offer state ful assessments since a packet is routed by every firewall. Therefore, the function-parallel firewall design is a scalable solution that can offer superior performance and additional potentials than other designs. Reference Subrata Acharya,, Jia Wang, Zihui Ge, Taieb F. Znati,_ and Albert Greenberg Traffic-Aware Firewall Optimization Strategies 2006. Toshiya Okabe Tsutomu Kitamura Takayuki Shizuno Statistical Traffic Identification Method,2006. Based on Flow-Level Behavior for Fair VoIP service, 2006. Thomas j. walsh and d. richard kuhn Challenges in Securing Voice over IP 2007. El-Sayed M. El-Alfy and Shokri Z. Selim On Optimal Firewall Rule Ordering ,2007. A Function-Parallel Architecture for High-Speed Firewalls Errin W. Fulp and Ryan J. Farley Department of Computer Science Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109-7311, USA Email: [emailprotected]/* */ nsg.cs.wfu.edu Carsten Benecke. A parallel packet screen for high speed networks. In Proceedings of the 15th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 1999. Errin W. Fulp. Firewall architectures for high speed networks. Technical Report 20026, Wake Forest University Computer Science Department, 2002. Kobayashi, F.; Fukui, T.; Arai, F, Sensor selected fusion with sensor selection based gating neural network, Fuzzy Systems, 2002. FUZZ-IEEE02. Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE International Conference on Volume 2, 12-17 May 2002 Page(s):1482 1487. E.W. Fulp and S. J. Tarsa. Trie-based policy representations for network firewalls. In Proc. of the 10th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 2005), pages 434 441, June 2005. E. AI-Shaer and H. Hamed. Design and Implementation of Firewall Policy Advisor Tools. Technical Report cTI-lechmpO801, School of Computer Science Telecommunications and lnformation Systems, DePaul University, August 2002

Marijuana vs Alcohol Essay - 1664 Words

Drink Up? Or Toke Up? That is the Question They were both icons of unforgettable eras: one, the glamorous nineteen twenties; the other, the revolutionary seventies. In the twenties, alcohol was sipped cautiously behind the walls of speakeasies; glasses clinking under the flashing lights of entertainment signs. The hippies of the sixties and seventies passed pipes of burning marijuana, promoting peace while protesting for the rights of millions of Americans. No doubt, both drugs have had a major influence on the country, both have had their â€Å"glory† days. After a time of prohibition, the once thought sinful substance of alcohol was re-legalized. Marijuana, on the other hand, remains illegal in the country of the United States. But†¦show more content†¦So while it is very possible to die from having a few too many drinks, smoking marijuana seems to be far less toxic of a substance (Foland). Not only are the toxic levels of alcohol much greater than those of marijuana, but the consequences of drinking long-term are far more damaging as well. Next to smoking tobacco and being overweight, drinking alcohol is the third leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Not including all the accidents and homicides that are attributed to the use of alcohol, the number of people that suffered alcohol induced deaths was 20,687 in 2003 alone (Foland). Those who choose to drink face the risk of many different health conditions, including some cancers, liver cirrhosis, liver disease, and heart disease---not to mention the risk of physical dependency (â€Å"Alcohol vs. Marijuana†). The effects on the brain are just as detrimental. In contrast to the old myth that drinking alcohol kills brain cells, recent studies have shown that instead it prevents new cells from being made. This process of making new cells, called neurogenesis, was found to be decreased by over fifty percent in abusers of alcohol. Marijuana seems to have the opposite effect. The same study showed that the use of marijuana actually increased neurogenesis, thus increasing the making of new brain cells (Wenk). Recent studiesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Alcohol vs Marijuana1537 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol vs Marijuana There is no culture in the history of mankind that did not ever use some kind (kinds) of drugs. Despite the well-known consequences of drug addiction, millions of people constantly consume different legal and illegal drugs. Affecting peoples mind and changing their behavior, drugs become one of the most threatening factors of social risk, resulting in increasing rates of mortality, aggressive and criminal behavior, and dissolution of social ties. This paper is devoted toRead More Alcohol vs. Marijuana Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol vs. Marijuana Alcohol and marijuana are two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the number one abused drug, while marijuana is number one among illegal drugs. While alcohol remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that alcohol is better for you. There have been many arguments where people suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a pothead thatRead MoreAlcohol vs. Marijuana Essay699 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol Vs. Marijuana Alcohol and marijuana are two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the number one abused drug, while marijuana is number one among illegal drugs. While alcohol remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that the alcohol is better for you. There have been many arguments where people suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a potheadRead MoreMarijuana vs. Alcohol in the United States Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana vs. Alcohol In The United States Marijuana and alcohol are the two most threatening drugs used in America today. Marijuana is the most illicit drug while alcohol is the most abused. Both were illegal during the prohibition but when the constitution was ratified in 1933 alcohol was made legal while marijuana remained illegal. It does not mean that because alcohol is still legal it’s less dangerous than marijuana. Both drugs lead to serious risks and should be taken with caution if usedRead MoreMarijuana vs. Alcohol People are often quick to judge those that use marijuana, but do not judge900 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana vs. Alcohol People are often quick to judge those that use marijuana, but do not judge those who use alcohol. With medical marijuana on the rise, people are using marijuana almost as much as people using alcohol. People argue the health risk of both marijuana and alcohol, but do people really know what the health risks and benefits are? Excessive use of alcohol is accountable for 88,000 U.S. fatalities each year from 2006 to 2010. The fatalities cost the budget $224 billion according toRead MoreThe History and Possible Legalization of Marijuana Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Laws There has never been a death from marijuana overdose. â€Å"A person would have to smoke 20,000 to 40,000 times the amount of THC in a joint to overdose† (Wing). Marijuana was classified as an illegal drug in 1970, because it can be abused very easily (â€Å"infoplease†). Marijuana was then grown indoors. Marijuana is illegally used by many people daily. Marijuana should be legalized because it is naturally grown and can be used to help cancer patients, relieve stress, and be used daily. CannabisRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesboth free and drug free. 79 years ago, marijuana became prohibited in the United States (PBS). Today, we find the topic of marijuana’s legality in all forms of media and every level of politics. It is now a never ending topic of public debates. The goal is to answer the question that refuses to die: should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana may not be for you, it may make you paranoid or uncomfortable, and no one should be forced to use it; but, legalizing marijuana in the United States would be beneficialRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesTable of Contents I. Introduction to Cannabis II. The History of Marijuana III. The Prohibition IV. Economic Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana V. The Medical Benefits of Marijuana VI. Marijuana vs. Alcohol and Tobacco VII. Marijuana Stimulates Creativity and Brain Cell Growth VIII. Conclusion Should marijuana be legalized for recreational and medical purposes? Thesis: Since marijuana is not harshly dangerous to one’s health nor is it a hard narcotic, it should beRead MoreThe Debate Over The Legalization Of Marijuana952 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern over the legalization of marijuana. The debate over the issue of marijuana and its legalization has been an immensely prevalent one in the nation over several years now. The issue of legalizing marijuana is truly a controversial one, and certainly one that requires a plethora of considerations at the top levels of the legislative branch. Legalizing marijuana would not only make it easily accessible to patients for treatment in states in which medicinal marijuana is currently not legal but wouldRead MoreMarijuana Addiction1162 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming Addicted to Marijuana â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonly used drug illegal drug in the world.† (â€Å"What is Marijuana†, 2013). It has recently become legal in a couple states, and more states are sure to follow their lead in the upcoming months. People can make the argument that marijuana does not have any negative effects, but they are wrong. Becoming addicted to marijuana is easy, and it only opens up the door for you to try other harmful drugs once marijuana quits getting you high. You need

Critical Writing Standardising Arguments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 309 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Henson’s work should be perceived as an art because the artists relied on the contemporary art form of photography. His films are influential, and the artist produces dark expensive art films that can be compared to the films of the 20th century. Questioning the moral purpose of Henson’s art may not seem effective because his films target on discouraging immoral behaviors that exist within a society. His films create a public criticism on the different types of behavior that occurs in a region. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critical Writing: Standardising Arguments" essay for you Create order Moral panic lacks a direct impact on the pedophilic condition.   The moral purpose of Henson’s art is to discourage people from undertaking activities that do not support the required norms of the society. On the other hand, pedophilia is an individual problem that emanates from a personality disorder or an abuse of the childhood by the adults.   Therefore, although the Henson’s art is associated with issues of moral panic, it does not expose an individual to issues of pedophilia. The audience should focus on the moral impact of the artworks as opposed to the negative influence of the art to the society. The production of films on wealthy and elite people creates a perception that Henson’s art always targets an elite art audience. He uses prints that are considered as expensive materials because his gallery contains pictures only for wealthy art elite.   Henson believes wealthy people as the real people that recognize the need for growth. However, Henson’s work is not strictly meant for the wealthy people, but all the individuals can access and use the films. Despite the use nude children photos, Henson’s work has nothing to do with corporate pedophilia.   His work aims at discouraging sexual behaviors in children as opposed to the corporate Pedophilia that entails the sale of products to children using a sexualized way.

The Mysterious Life of J.D. Salinger

J.D. Salinger is considered by many to be one of the most mysterious writers of the 20th century. Really, what could be more unusual and curious than a writer who publishes a bestselling novel and then leaves all kinds of public life, leaves in seclusion, almost never gives interviews and never publishes anything. For fifty years afterwards Salinger remained a mystery and a living legend for those impressed by his breakthrough novel The Catcher in the Rye. It is only natural – people like inexplicable mysteries, and Salinger’s life was sure one of them. Recently released documentary Salinger, however, tries to cast its own glance on this secret and, probably, reveal some aspects of Salinger’s life that weren’t known before. It is very important to understand that Salinger’s works and his unusual behavior have led to the appearance of cult following. Nevertheless, when we usually use this term we simply mean that a book or a movie is outstandingly popular and has some extremely devoted fans who seem to be much more aware of the fictional world than the real one. In case of Salinger it acquired even more intensive forms: for many people he turned into a kind of deity, and any attempt to make his image look more well-rounded and realistic are met with extreme prejudice. It is probably what awaits Salinger. While paying due respects to the legacy of one of the most famous American writers of the last century, it tries to give answers to the questions that have been harrowing people for decades: Why Salinger left the world to live in seclusion? Why did he stop publishing? What was he writing all these years? What was happening behind the walls of his house in Cornish? And maybe, just maybe, after watching this documentary movie some people will get an opportunity to see Salinger as somebody less of a supernatural being, more human than considered previously. Maybe it will give another explanation than a simply â€Å"He was too good for this world to live in it†. In fact, it is not the first work that debunks the image of Salinger as a saint. Salinger, however, gives this whole story a new angle, it allows people to perceive the twofold aspect of Salinger’s nature: as a writer and as a person with his own flaws and peculiarities that make him all the more unique.

Union General William Tecumseh Shermans Carolina Campaign...

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman’s Carolina campaign during the American Civil War led to the capital of South Carolina in the city of Columbia in early 1865. Sherman was employing a new military strategy of total war, in which he considered the civilian population and their property as military targets. Upon hearing of Sherman’s march toward Columbia, the Confederate cavalry General Wade Hampton faced the reality that Columbia would be lost to Sherman. The question for Hampton was how to prepare for the invasion of Columbia with a focus on the disposition of supplies ranging from cotton, food, and alcohol, to military-related supplies such as ammunition, rifles, and cannons. It was both obvious and imperative to the Confederacy that the Union could not take possession of these supplies, since this would simultaneously help the Union and seriously hurt the Confederacy. Additionally, the presence of the cotton would make the potential of fire a real danger for the citizenry and the buildings in which they lived, worked, gathered, and prayed. Confederate General Wade Hampton unsuccessfully employed the tenants of the current U.S. Army mission command philosophy during the Union General Sherman’s campaign through South Carolina. Hampton’s failure to follow the yet to be written philosophy of mission command both before and during Sherman’s occupation of Columbia directly destroyed what little chance of winning the war the South may have clung to. Conversely, GeneralShow MoreRelatedShermans march to the Sea1391 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Title: Sherman’s March to the Sea Name: Institution: Name of Facilitator: Course Name and Number: Date: Abstract This paper describes a campaign that helped decide the American Civil War. A General of the Union army named William Tecumseh Sherman helped lead a campaign that started in Georgia go the sea in Savannah, and finish to help aid the main forces in the Carolinas. During this march the soldiers lived off the land and the Southern people’s foodRead MoreGeneral Sherman And The Match Of The Sea1919 Words   |  8 Pages Holland Carvalho HIST342 17, July 2015 General William Sherman and the match to the sea Introduction General Sherman s contribution to the Civil War will forever be remembered in history, although he made some miscalculations, his mistakes did nothing to his reputation unlike his brilliance in strategizing . His military exploits went far beyond getting the attention of American military historians; it went all the way to the shores of Europe. Military historian Basil LiddellRead MoreGeneral Sherman s Tactics That Ended The Civil War2550 Words   |  11 PagesArgument 20 July 2015 General Sherman’s Unorthodox Tactics that Ended the Civil War Scorched farms, slaughtered livestock, uprooted railway lines and cities set on fire was not typical battle strategy previously seen on American soil. However, the Civil War was dragging on and General William Tecumseh Sherman was determined to finally end the fighting. The circumstances that initiated the war created a figurative and literal divide unlike America had ever seen. The American Civil War took heavy tollsRead More William T. Sherman Essay734 Words   |  3 Pages William T. Sherman SHERMAN, William Tecumseh (1820-91). Ranked second only to General Ulysses S. Grant as the greatest Northern commander in the American Civil War, Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman was a master of modern warfare. Like Grant, Sherman was born in Ohio when it was a frontier state. He was named Tecumseh for the Shawnee Indian chief who had terrorized that region a few years earlier. Sherman was born on Feb. 8, 1820, in Lancaster, Ohio. His father died when he was 9 years old. MostRead MoreGeneral William Tecumseh Sherm War Hero Or Criminal?1971 Words   |  8 PagesJohnathon Treon Mr. Bradley A.P United States 25th January, 2015 General William Tecumseh Sherman: War Hero or Criminal? Throughout the entirety of United States history, no conflict form the Revolution to Vietnam, was more deadly in terms of American lives lost, then the Civil War. Fought over the very principles of states’ rights, exclusively in the form of slavery, this conflict would cost over 600,000 lives and the devastation of the southern landscape and economy for many years to come.1 UnderRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Delivered A Speech Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pages Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech that was called the 2nd inaugural address on March 4, 1865, during his 2nd inauguration as President of the United States. Lincoln called the problem an issue that challenged the country about 4 years prior, acknowledged slavery was the real cause of the war and the suffering caused by the war. He acknowledges hope for the end of the conflict and urges Americans to strive for peace.In November 1863, President Abraham Lincoln was invited to deliver the GettysburgRead MoreTaking a Look at Abr aham Lincoln833 Words   |  3 Pages1809. As the Leader of the Union, he fought against the Confederate President, Jefferson Davis in the Civil War. Lincoln won the war with General Ulysses S. Grant by his side. Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14th 1865. He died of his gunshot wound at 7:22 the next day. â€Æ' William Tecumseh Sherman Born in Lancaster, Ohio, Sherman was only sixteen when he entered West Point. He is the colonel of the 13th Regular Infantry. He was also a general in the Civil War. Even though Anderson’s illnessRead MoreThe New York City Draft Riots3042 Words   |  13 Pages[H1]15.4: The Union Triumphant [keywords] Copperheads New York City Draft Riots Sherman’s March to the Sea [/keywords] [learning objectives] By the end of this section, you will be able to: †¢ Describe the reasons why many Americans doubted that Abraham Lincoln would be reelected †¢ Explain how the Union forces overpowered the Confederacy By the outset of 1864, after three years of war, the Union had mobilized its resources for the ongoing struggle on a massive scale. The government had overseen theRead More Civil War Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pages Civil War Civil war was the greatest war in American history. It was waged in 10,000 places-from Valverde, New Mexico, and Fernandina on the Florida coast. More than three million Americans fought in it and more than 600,00 men died in it. It was not only the immensity of the fight but the new weapons, the new standards of generalship, and the strategies of destruction which made the Civil War an event present ever since in the American consciousness. Here are some of the crucialRead MoreCivil War Battle Of Shiloh1846 Words   |  8 PagesCivil War Battle of Shiloh Scholars still debate the various causes of the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865). However, few disagree that the issue of slavery (and the status assigned to black Americans) had been eroding relations between Northern and Southern states from the first days of American independence, and culminated in actual armed conflict shortly after Abraham Lincoln’s first election to the presidency in 1860 (â€Å"The American Civil War,† n.d.). On April 12, 1861 Confederate troops under

Hr Scorecard Free Essays

International Bulletin of Business Administration ISSN: 1451-243X Issue 4 (2009)  © EuroJournals, Inc. 2009 http://www. eurojournals. We will write a custom essay sample on Hr Scorecard or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/IBBA. htm The Application of Human Resource Scorecard: A Case Study of Public Hospitals in NTT Province, Indonesia Riana Sitawati Accounting Department, STIE Dharmaputra Sodikin Manaf Accounting Department, STIE Dharmaputra Endah Winarti Accounting Department, STIE Dharmaputra Abstract Together with regional autonomy development, regional performance management becomes one of the most important factors to be considered. Regional public hospital becomes a regional government asset that should manage itself therefore it can prepare transparent performance measurement report for the benefit of the hospital itself and also the society or other interest parties. However, as a service organization, human resource competency becomes key factor in a public hospital that also needs to be improved. For achieving this aim, then this paper describes human resources performance measurement steps for the hospital particularly regional public hospital which consisted of preparing Activity Value Chain, Job Description, Job Specification, Job Performance Standard, and Job Performance Scorecard. Those steps had been implemented in public hospitals in NTT province, Indonesia. In the end, hopefully it can provide alternative standard for measuring a whole organization performance. Keywords: Public hospital, performance measurement, Activity Value Chain, Job Description, Job Specification, Job Performance Standard, Job Performance Scorecard, East Nusa Tenggara Province 1. Introduction The early years of the 21st century are proving to be a period of profound transition business world. This transition is being driven by a number of key trends including: global interdependence; diverse, diffuse, and asymmetrical security threats; rapidly evolving science and technology; dramatic shifts in the age and composition of population; important quality of life issues; the changing nature of our economy; and evolving government structures and concepts. These trends also contribute to a huge, longer-range fiscal and budgetary challenge around the world. Given these trends and long-range fiscal challenges, we are now seeing increased attention to strategic human capital management (U. S. General Accounting Office, 2002). While human capital is the foundation for creating value in the new economy, human assets are the least understood by business leaders and therefore the least effectively managed. Furthermore, there is exceptional about human resource function, which is that is less prepared than many other functions (such as finance or information system) to quantify its impact on business performance (Yeung Berman, 1997). Since the Indonesian government determined regulation about regional autonomy in 2002, there were efforts to arrange specific policies for government owned institution in each Indonesian region. Those specific policies also included performance measurement area that the government institutions in local region can manage their own performance report but still have obligation to report their performance condition to central government. That independent performance management is based on Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia (Indonesian Regulation) no. 17 / 2003 that applies the implementation refers to the activity area of the government institution activity. Refers to the regional public hospital that also becomes regional government institution, this institution also has obligation to prepare an independent performance report system. In fact, there are not many public hospitals that had implemented performance measurement report system refers to Indonesian generally accepted accounting principle. This caused by the bureaucracy culture in Indonesia that can not be removed easily particularly in government institution environment and lack of skilled human resources that has sufficient knowledge to make a good financial report. Although there are many problems resulted in preparing an independent public hospital, but it will be better if the public officer that works at Health Department, Regional Government, or Public Hospital begins to take real steps in improving financial system at public hospital. It becomes more important refers to Indonesian bad economic condition after multi dimension crisis so that public hospital should find its own core business rather than depend on government budget (Subanegara, 2005). This condition had been applied at developed countries which have their own business unit, such as laundry facility that are provided for general society with tariff that relatively the same with market price. Moreover, the hospitals also have specific pavilion for sound patient where room price and medical service are based on higher tariff compared with regular class so there is subsidy for the poor patient. As a public institution, main goal of public hospital is to provide medical service to local patient particularly the poor ones. Therefore, profit is clearly not the main goal of public hospital. With such character, it is not surprising that there are so many public hospitals that complain about their lost in operating activities because of their social responsibility service. Based on the above factors, we can see the importance of good measurement management system for regional public hospital. Until recently, public hospital only depends on central government or local government funding and management system without tries to find out any efforts to be more independent. This opinion should be changed therefore hospital can produce its own performance measurement report that still can support its social service function which always become its main mission. Refers to this condition, then it is necessary to understand how to arrange a good performance report therefore the hospital knows for sure its own advantages and disadvantages as a foundation to decide strategic action in order to manage better and more professional public hospital financial and non financial aspect. Therefore a performance measurement that is capable to measure not only financial but also non financial aspect will be more supportive. 2. Problem Statement Although the application of a complete Balanced Scorecard as one of Strategic Management Accounting performance tools had produced enormous studies and practices, but there is still lack of focus on its application at Indonesian public sector. This also occurs especially in an organization which provides service such as medical organizations which have social responsibility and see human resources as the main organization asset. That background inspires author to describe author’s experience related with human resource performance measurement at Indonesian public hospitals. 3. Theoretical Background 3. 1. Performance Measurement Performance can be considered as a â€Å"relative and culture-specific concept†, one of those â€Å"suitcase words in which everyone places the concepts that suit them, letting the context take care of the definition†(Lebas, Euske, 2002). We could use the same words to describe performance measurement. Different people give different meanings to performance measurement. Adams, Kennerley and Neely defined performance measurement as â€Å"the process of quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of past action† (Neely, Adams, Kennerley, 2002). The author considers this definition clear and meaningful. We can argue that quantifying only the efficiency and the effectiveness dimensions of the action could be too limiting. We can argue that performance measurement doesn’t mean only quantifying but also comparing to a reference. But we should agree that the definition they gave sounds quite linear, appropriate, reasonable and useful. As it happens with other processes, the purpose of performance measurement is not univocal. Performance measurement is a sort of primary process: it can be considered as a basic element of larger and different processes like: †¢ internal performance evaluation †¢ external performance assessment †¢ performance management So the aims of performance measurement could be quite different. In the past decade performance measurement has been a topic that has received growing attention in the Public Sector. To encourage a performance-driven culture, a lot of public organizations have adopted a performance measurement system to measure, assess, report their performance and compare it with the performance of other organizations (performance evaluation and benchmarking). Just few of them have adopted it to manage their performance (performance management). For the author the difference between the two approaches is a fundamental issue to point out. In the former, measures are used to evaluate ex-post, at the end of a period of time, what has been done during the period and whether the desired outcomes have been achieved at the end. Here the purpose of measuring is to help to make a judgment about the performance of the organization at the end of a period. In the latter, measures are used to manage the performance within the period, identify issues and problems before correction becomes difficult or impossible and support decision-making processes in order to really achieve the desired outcomes at the end of the period. The purpose of measuring is to help people, accountable for performance, to make the right decisions within the period of time used as the reference. Both in the Private and Public Sector, using performance measurement just for evaluation s â€Å"one of the main barriers that people need to overcome if the organization wants to move from measurement set to judge to measurement consciously adopted to support decision making process†(Bocci 2004). If we talk about performance measurement just in terms of reviewing and assessing, we can not inspire people and align them with the strategy and t he overall goals of the organization. People will not understand the needs of measuring their performance and will consider measures used to find fault and punish someone (Kaydos, 1998): any performance measurement system we try to implement will be boycotted in some way. Performance evaluation is important but it does not tell us the true and complete story. That is why organizations should focus on adopting performance management systems. If organizations continue to use measurement just for assessing their performance, they can not achieve the consensus that allows them to effectively manage their performance. 3. 2. The Balanced Scorecard Application in Public Sector The Balanced Scorecard method (Kaplan Norton, 1992) forms a conceptual measurement model for assessing an organization’s performance. This model complements financial measures of past performance with measures of drivers of future performance (Gaspersz, 2002). Unlike other accounting models, the Balanced Scorecard incorporates valuation of organization’ intangible and intellectual assets such as (Walker MacDonald, 2001): †¢ High – quality products and services †¢ Motivated and skilled employees †¢ Responsive internal processes †¢ Innovation productivity The original Balanced Scorecard model developed by Kaplan and Norton can be seen at the following figure. Figure 3. 1: Balanced Scorecard FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE VISION STRATEGY INTERNAL BUS. PROCESS PERSP. LEARNING GROWTH PERSPECTIVE (Source: Niven, 2005) As mentioned above, Kaplan and Norton introduced 4 perspectives from a company activities that can be evaluated by management as follows : 1. Financial Perspective : how we can satisfy stakeholder? 2. Customer Perspective : how we can satisfy customer? 3. Internal Business Perspective : what processes that we should offer in order to achieve company success? . Learning and Growth Perspective : how we can maintain ability to face company changes? The BSC concept is not only applicable to private sector but also public sector including public health sector. Indonesian economic system that experiences disaster recently is mostly caused by government system mismanagement that usually known as KKN (Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism). Therefore it needs a performance measurement tool for its public organization to impr ove economic system condition. Based on the different character between private sector and public sector, we can compare the 4 perspectives of Balanced Scorecard as follows. Figure 3. 2: Balanced Scorecard Perspectives: A Comparation Between Private Sector and Public Sector Perspective Financial/Operational Efficiency Customer Learning and Growth Private Sector How we can give value to the stakeholder? How customer will evaluate our performance? Can we continue to improve and create value to the customer, stakeholder, employee, management and organization? What should we proposed from our process and product? Internal Process and Product Public Sector How we can give value to the society and tax payer? How public service user evaluate our performance? Can we continue to improve and create value to the society/tax payer, public officer, public organization, and stakeholder? Does the implemented development program can bring results refers to the expectation? (Source: Gasperz, 2002) Those differences in balanced scorecard perspectives between private sector and public sector encourages us to modify the implementation of balanced scorecard at public sector. This modification is necessary because of the following reasons: 1. Main focus of public sector is the society and certain interest groups while main focus of private sector is customer and stakeholder. 2. Main goal of public sector is not to maximize financial result but the balanced budget responsibility through service to stakeholder refers to its vision and mission. 3. Defining indicators and target in customer perspective needs high concern as consequency of public sector role and needs clear definition and strategic result. 3. 3. Human Resources Scorecard The Human Resource Scorecard approach used slightly modifies the initial Balanced Scorecard model, which at the time was most commonly used at the corporate level. However, the approach remains focused on long-term strategies and clear connections to business outcomes. The Human Resource Balanced Scorecard can be classified into four perspectives (Walker MacDonald, 2001): a. Strategic Perspective This perspective measures company success in achieving 5 strategic thrusts (talent, leadership, customer service and support, organizational integration, and Human Resource Capability). . Operations Perspective This perspective measures Human Resource success in operational excellence. The focus here is primarily in three areas: staffing, technology, and Human Resource processes and transactions. c. Customer Perspective This perspective measures how Human Resource is viewed by company key customer segment. Survey results are used to track customer perception of ser vice as well as assessing overall employee engagement, competitive capability, and links to productivity. d. Financial Perspective This perspective measures how Human Resource adds measurable financial value to the organization, including measures of ROI in training, technology, staffing, risk management, and cost of service delivery. Many leading organizations use their performance management systems as a key tool for aligning institutional, unit, and employee performance; achieving results; accelerating change; managing the organization on a day-to-day basis; and facilitating communication throughout the year so that discussion about individual and organizational performance are integrated and ongoing (U. S. General Accounting Office, 2000). We also can see some examples of previous research studies in Human Resource in the following table: Table 3. 1: Summary of Major Research Studies in HR – Organizational Performance Relationships Research Studies MacDuffie Krafcik (1992) Methodology Studied 70 automotive assembly plants representing 24 companies and 17 countries worldwide Key Findings †¢ Manufacturing facilities with â€Å"lean production systems† are much higher in both productivity and quality than those with â€Å"mass production systems† (Productivity: 22 hours vs. 0 hours in producing a car; Quality 0. 5 defects vs. 0. 8 defects per 100 vehicles). †¢ While the HR strategy of a mass production system is used to create a highly specialized and deskilled work-force that supports a large-scale production process, the HR strategy of a lean production system aims to create a skilled, motivated, and flexible workforce that can continuously solve probl ems. The success of a â€Å"lean production system† critically depends on such â€Å"highcommitment† human resource policies as the decentralization of production responsibilities, broad job classification, multiskilling practices, profit/gain sharing, a reciprocal psychological commitment between firm and employees, employment security, and a reduction of status barrier. Studies that demonstrate business impact by adopting the following highperformance work practices are summarized: †¢ Employee involvement in decision making. Compensation (profit/gain sharing) †¢ Training programs †¢ Constellation of high-performance work practices †¢ Contradictory to traditional strategy literature, these five companies are neither in the right industry (based on Porter’s industry structure analysis) nor are they market leaders in these industries (based on Boston Consulting Group’s learning curve). †¢ Instead, these companies share a set of hig h commitment work practices such as employment security, selectivity in recruiting, high wages, incentive pay, employee ownership, information sharing, participation and empowerment, teams and job redesign, cross-training, etc. Empirically identified two distinct HR configurations: control and commitment systems. †¢ Control systems aim to reduce direct labor costs, or improve efficiency by enforcing employee compliance with specified rules and procedures and basing employee rewards on some measurable output criteria. †¢ Commitment systems aim to shape desired employee behaviors and attitudes by forging psychological links between organizational and employee goals. †¢ The mills with commitment systems had higher productivity, lower scrap rates, and lower employee turnover than those with control systems. Based on his sample, Huselid found that if firms increase their highperformance work practices by one standard deviation (SD), their turnover would be reduced by 7. 05 %, productivity increased by 16%. †¢ In terms of financial impact, a one-SD increase in high-performance work practices leads to a $27,044 increase in sales, an $18,641 increase in market value, and a $3,814 increase in profit. †¢ Developed an overall HR Quality Index based on the aggregate ratings of all HR activities adopted by a firm. †¢ Based on the HR Quality Index, firms are grouped into four categories based on their percentile (i. . , bottom 25%, second 25%, third 25%, and top 25%). †¢ Firms that score higher in the HR Quality Index consistently outperform firms with a lower index in four financial measures: market/book value ratio, productivity (i. e. , sales/employees), market value, and sales. U. S. Department of Labor (1993) Summarized all major research studies regarding the HR-firm performance relationship Pfeffer (1994) Identified the five topperforming firms (based on percentage of stock returns) between 1972 and 1992 and assessed their common Arthur (1994) Conducted a survey research from 30 U. S. steel minimills Huselid (1995) Utilized both survey research and financial data of 968 firms Ostroff (1995) Conducted a survey research jointly sponsored by Society of Human Resource Management and CCH Incorporated (Source: Yeung and Berman, 1997) 4. The Case Study Application of Balanced Scorecard is a new progress in Indonesia particularly in public sector as there is no standard for measuring public sector performance until recently. Moreover as a fact, most of Indonesian public hospital administration and financial activities has not applied generally accepted accounting principle which is main accounting system (AlkatiriSetiyono, 2001). Therefore author’s experience in building a performance measurement system in 3 (three) Nusa Tenggara Province public hospitals will be described at the following case study. In general, road map for measuring the performance is: Figure 4. 1: Roadmap for Performance Measurement ROADMAP OF HOSPITAL PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT DEVELOPING UNIT PERFORMANCE SCORECARD MEASURES MEASURABLE THEORY OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT W EIGHT RELIABLE SCORECARD UNIT TRANSPARENT TARGET (Source: Ferdinand, 2003) Figure 4. 1 above shows that theory of performance measurement such as Balanced Scorecard (BSC) provides 3 standards in making indicators, which are measurable, reliable, and transparent. Measurable means the indicators should be a matter of quantitative, not abstract. Reliable means the indicators can be trusted. Transparent means the indicators should be socialized to all parties. Then after determining the indicators, we should pay attention to the measures (indicators), weight of each indicators, and target that should be achieved. In the end, it will produce scorecard for each hospital unit. Detail steps of producing this scorecard can be followed at the following sections. 4. 1. Preparing Activity Value Chain The initial step in making performance measurement standard should begin from preparing activity chain for each staff. In order to make it, we should know our Achievement Generating Factor which is the main task of a job position. In order to make clear description, the example of activity value chain can be seen on the Appendix-Figure 1 for Head of Medical Committee. The activity details that belong to the Activity Value Chain are all activities that are done regularly. For example, routine activity for a lecturer is teaching a class. But the lecturer also has supporting activity such as giving suggestion to his/her students if they are experiencing problems in their study. This different type of activity should be clearly understand in defining activity value chain as a first step before move further to other steps. . 2. Preparing Job Description After determining routine activities in value chain, the following step is making job description. Job description is a description of a job that should be completed by a person in certain position. The example for this Job Description can be seen on the Appendix-Figure 2. In order to formulate good job description, we should pay attention to these factors: 1. Job a ssignment should be detail and concrete. 2. State the assignment in information type so it can be implemented and evaluated. The presented information can be input information or output information. . Determine Information Source that we use to state information type of a conducted assignment. This information source can be officer with whom we cooperate, and what form we use to state the information. 4. Determine the time frame and the person who should implement the informed assignment. 5. Decide how information distribution is implemented. Information distribution can be done by assigning person / department that receives the information and time schedule when the information should be delivered. 6. We also need to determine success measurement criteria for implemented task. . It is our obligation to determine development requirement to be completed by the implementer person so they can do their job competently. 8. It is also suggested that we determine responsibility person for fixed asset whether in unit or monetary form so all staffs feel responsible. Job Description can be implemented if the people who sit on certain position fulfill the required specification. Therefore a job description will be more meaningful if continued by job specification for potential candidate of a position. 4. 3. Preparing Job Specification Job specification is a criteria or requirement for a certain position. There are 2 main classification in Job Specification which are: (See Appendix-Figure 3) a. Initial Requirement It is organization demand to the position holder candidate. b. Development Support After someone fulfills the requirement to sit on a position, then it becomes organization responsibility to develop this position holder. The development support can be in the form of training and education therefore the position holder can be developed and succeed in doing his/her job now or in the future. 4. 4. Preparing Job Performance Standard The previous Job Description will be more meaningful if management has certain scoring tool that can be used as performance measurement for a position holder. In order to have that scoring tool, then it needs to develope a standard which called Job Performance Standard. In making Job Performance Standard, we will determine performance score criteria. The common score standard is as follows: Performance Criteria Very Good Good Average Bad Very Bad Code VG G A B VB Score 5 4 3 2 1 Job Performance Standard consists of: (See Appendix-Figure 4) a. Performance Criteria Scorecard . Job Description c. Performance Indicator d. Performance Criteria e. Target Description By having Job Performance Standard, then it will decrease job evaluator subjectivity so that the evaluated staff and the evaluator person have the same guidance in understanding the performance. Performance Indicator or Performance Measures aims to determine success criteria of a job that bein g implemented by a position holder. This Performance Indicator/Measures can be measured from 2 aspects which are Lagging Indicator and Leading Indicator. a. LAG Performance Indicator is a Final Result Indicator of an activity. For example, Lag Performance Indicator for a Salesman activity: recording sales to achieve target is recording accuracy and timeliness. b. LEAD Performance Indicator or Process Performance Indicator is indicator for supposedto-be-done activity. If this activity can be done, then the Lag Indicator tends to be achieved. As an example for the salesman above, in order to make recording sales activity run well, then it needs some activities such as: (1) Checking data and report completeness and (2) Preparing supporting facility and information to make report. 4. 5. Preparing Job Performance Scorecard Job Performance Scorecard is an achieved performance result of a staff in certain period. From Job Description, Job Specification and Job Performance Standard, then it can produce Design of Management Performance Scorecard that can be used as a tool to measure organization managerial performance. Therefore the organization has a measurement tool that can be used as a guidance to measure overall organization performance. The scorecard can be seen at the Appendix-Figure 5. As a performance report, this Job Performance Scorecard should be published regularly as a complement of hospital financial report. This report can be foundation for management to make decision on what they should do related to their staff performance. Therefore this scorecard should be applied to all management levels from operational level until strategic level so it might run well. 5. Conclusion It is not surprising that Indonesian public hospital still provide minimum medical service with minimum funding support from the government. However, Public Hospital as a public service institution needs a condusive human resource performance measurement system to determine its worker ffectiveness and efficiency weaknesses so it can achieve good corporate governance in the future. Balanced Scorecard has provided a foundation for both private and public sector to measure both sector performances. This foundation can be used by Indonesian public sector particularly regional hospital to improve its performance so in the end it might produce scorecard report regularly that is reliable. All steps from making Activity Value Chain, Job Description, Job Specification, Job Performance Standard, and Job Performance Scorecard can be easily followed as a standard for implementing the BSC into the public health sector. However, this paper is only limited on success story at three Indonesian public hospitals in Nusa Tenggara Province. Therefore future research should be more generalized to other public hospitals or other public sectors in Indonesia. Bibliography [1] [2] [3] Alkatiri, A. Setiyono, V. (2001). Manajemen Akuntansi Rumah Sakit. Fa. Sinar Bahagia, Jakarta. Bocci, F. (2004). Defining Performance Measurement. A Comment. PMA Newsletter Vol 3 Issue 1/2 September, pp. 20. Ferdinand, A. (2003) Module for Performance Monitoring: Supervisory Monitoring Scorecard. Training for Hospital Performance Management at East Nusa Tenggara Regional Public Hospitals, a joint programme between EPOS Health Consultant Germany, East Nusa Tenggara Health Department, and AGF Consulting Indonesia Gaspersz, V. (2002). Balanced Scorecard dengan Six Sigma untuk Organisasi Bisnis dan Pemerintah. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, Chapter 1. Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P. (1992). Translating Strategy into Action: the Balance Scorecard. Harvard Business School Press, Boston. Kaydos, W. (1998). Operational Performance Measurement: Increasing Total Productivity. CRC Press, pp. 98. Lebas, M. Euske, K. (2002). A Conceptual and Operational Delineation of Performance in Business Performance Measurement: Theory and Practice. Neely, Andy Editor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Neely, A. , Adams, C. , and Kennerley, M. (2002). 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Adding Value Through Human Resources Reorienting Human Resource Measurement to Drive Business Performance. Human Resource Management, Fall; 36, 3 : p. 321-335 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Appendix Figure 1: Activity Value Chain Name of Position : HEAD OF MEDICAL COMMITTEE Main Goal of Position : Achieve optimum Medical Service Coordination in accordance with medical science and technology and medical profession ethic. VALUE CHAIN DIAGRAM ACTIVITY DETAIL JOB CHARACTERISTIC Head of Medical Committee 1 8 2 3 4 7 6 5 1. Make Medical Committee plan 2. Make Committee and Team, and ascertain duty implementation of Committee and Team 3. Ascertain duty implementation of SMF (Functional Medical Staff) refers to service standard 4. Coordinate SMF education and training 5. Coordinate research and development for SMF medical area 6. Approve Credit Proposal and make DP3 for Head of SMF 7. Make report and conduct evaluation on Medical Committee activities AT AT AT AT AT AT AT Note: AT = Routine Accountability Figure 2: Job Description Division Position Main Activity Make Medical Committee plan : Medical Committee : Head of Medical Committee Job Characteristic AT Information Type Input : Director SK PHO IDI Information Source Person Format †¢ Director †¢ Minister of Health †¢ IDI/ Professional Organisation Relevant person †¢ Letter †¢ Book †¢ Book Head of Medical Committee Annually †¢ Director †¢ Head of SMF On December Job Implementer Time Result Distribution Person Time Success Criteria †¢ †¢ Plan finishing time accuracy (POA) Plan content completeness (POA) Make Committee and Team, and ascertain duty implementation of Committee and Team AT Ascertain duty implementation of SMF (Functional Medical Staff) refers to service standard AT Coordinate SMF education and training AT Coordinate research and development for SMF medical area AT Approve Credit Proposal and make DP3 for Head of SMF AT Make report and conduct evaluation on Medical Committee activities AT uput : POA of Medical Committee Input : POA of Medical Committee Ouput : †¢ Committee SK †¢ Committee Activity Report Input : POA of Medical Committee Ouput : Service Standard Compliance Report Input : POA of Medical Committee Ouput : Activity report of SMF Education and training Input : POA of Medical Committee Ouput : Activity report of SMF Research and Development Input : †¢ Keppres (President Desicion) †¢ SK of Menpan Ouput : †¢ DP3 of SMF Head †¢ Promotion proposal Input : †¢ SK Director †¢ POA Committee Medis Ouput : †¢ Activity report and evaluation of Medical Committee Book Director Letter Head of Medical Committee Annually †¢ Director †¢ Head of SMF On December †¢ Relevant Person Letter Book Activity report time accuracy Director Book Head of Medical Committee Annually †¢ Director †¢ Head of SMF Relevant Person End of January at following year †¢ Reporting time accuracy Form Director Book Head of Medical Committee Annually †¢ Director †¢ Head of SMF Relevant Person End of January at following year †¢ Activity report time accuracy Form Director Book Head of Medical Committee Annually Director †¢ Head of SMF Relevant Person End of January at following year †¢ Activity report time accuracy Form President Menpan Letter Head of Medical Committee Docume nt †¢ Letter †¢ Book Head of Medical Committee 1 month ahead Semi annually †¢ Director 1 month ahead †¢ Arrangement time accuracy Relevant Person †¢ Director †¢ Director Annually †¢ Director †¢ Reporting time a ccuracy Relevant Person Head of SMF Form Figure 3: Job Specification Position : Head Of Medical Commitee Initial Requirement 1. S1/General Practitioner 2. Has 2 years experience at the relevant area Technical Competency 1. Medical basic skill 2. Ability to supervise medical committee task 3. Ability to make decision Managerial Development Competency Support 1. Ability to lead medical 1. Advance study committee S2/Specialist 2. Ability to make plan 2. Training of and policy in regards hospital with medical operational committee task management 3. Ability to make report 3. Training of and evaluation arranging job performance measurement Job Description 1. Make Medical Committee plan 2. Make Committee and Team, and ascertain duty implementation of Committee and Team 3. Ascertain duty implementation of SMF (Staf Medis Fungsional/Functional Medical Staff) refers to service standard 4. Coordinate SMF education and training 5. Coordinate research and development for SMF medical area 6. Approve Credit Proposal and make job performance measurement for Head of SMF 7. Make report and conduct evaluation on Medical Committee activities Figure 4: Job Performance Standard Position : Head of Medical Committee Very Good Score = 5 100% complete 100% from target 100% from target 100% from target 100% from target 100% from target 100% from target Very Good Score = 5 100% complete 100% from target Always Available 100% complete 100% complete 100% from target 100% complete 100% from target 100% complete Date 5 of the following month Good Score = 4 90 – 99% 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% from target Good Score = 4 90 – 99% 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% 90 – 99% 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% 90 – 99% from target 90 – 99% Date 6-9 of the following month Average Score = 3 80-90% 80 – 90% from target 80 – 90% from target 80 – 90% from target 80 – 90% from target 80 – 90% from target 80 – 90% from target Average Score = 3 80-90% 80 – 90% from target Sometimes unavailable 80-90% 80-90% 80 – 90% from target 80-90% 80 – 90% from target 80-90% Date 10 of the following month Bad Score = 2 70-79% 75 – 80% target 75 – 80% target 75 – 80% target 75 – 80% target 75 – 80% target 75 – 80% target Bad Score = 2 70-79% 75 – 80% target 70-79% 70-79% 75 – 80% target 70-79% 75 – 80% target 70-79% Date 11-15 of the following month Very Bad Score = 1 How to cite Hr Scorecard, Papers